The little clove

### Introduction to Clove Water

Clove water is a simple herbal infusion made by steeping or boiling whole cloves (the dried flower buds of the Syzygium aromaticum tree) in water. Cloves have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, particularly in Ayurveda and Chinese practices, for their potent compounds like eugenol, which give them antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Drinking clove water is a diluted way to consume these benefits without the intensity of clove oil or supplements. While many claims are supported by preliminary studies on cloves, evidence specifically for clove water is often anecdotal or based on clove extracts—always consult a healthcare professional before adding it to your routine, especially if you have health conditions.

### Detailed Health Benefits of Clove Water

Clove water's benefits stem primarily from its key compound, eugenol, along with antioxidants, vitamins (like manganese), and other bioactive elements. Here's a breakdown of the potential advantages, based on scientific and traditional insights:

1. **Rich in Antioxidants and Protects Against Oxidative Stress**: Cloves are packed with antioxidants, including eugenol, which help neutralize free radicals that can damage cells and contribute to aging or chronic diseases. Drinking clove water may support overall cellular health by reducing oxidative stress. For instance, studies on cloves show they have one of the highest antioxidant capacities among spices, potentially aiding in liver protection by improving enzyme function and reducing toxins.<grok:render card_id="931dad" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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</grok:render> Regular intake could boost your body's defense against environmental stressors, leading to better long-term health.

2. **Supports Digestive Health**: One of the most commonly reported benefits is relief from digestive issues. Clove water can help alleviate gas, bloating, acidity, indigestion, and even nausea due to its carminative properties, which promote the expulsion of gas and soothe the gut lining. Eugenol stimulates digestive enzymes, potentially improving nutrient absorption and reducing stomach discomfort. Traditional uses suggest it may also combat parasites or bacterial overgrowth in the intestines.<grok:render card_id="20ce37" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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</grok:render> Over time, this could lead to a healthier gut microbiome and fewer episodes of IBS-like symptoms.

3. **Boosts Immune System and Fights Infections**: The antimicrobial and antifungal properties of cloves make clove water a natural immune supporter. It can inhibit the growth of bacteria like E. coli or fungi like Candida, helping prevent infections. By reducing oxidative damage, it may enhance immune cell function, making your body more resistant to colds, flu, or other illnesses. Some users report fewer respiratory issues, as cloves have expectorant qualities that could ease coughs or congestion.<grok:render card_id="ff507e" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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4. **Aids in Blood Sugar Regulation**: Preliminary research indicates cloves may help manage blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and mimicking insulin's effects. Drinking clove water, especially in the morning, could provide a mild stabilizing effect for those with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. However, evidence for diluted clove water is limited compared to concentrated extracts, and it's not a substitute for medication.<grok:render card_id="8b9a74" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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</grok:render> Studies suggest eugenol inhibits enzymes that break down starches into sugars, potentially leading to steadier energy levels throughout the day.

5. **Promotes Oral Health and Fresh Breath**: Cloves have long been used for dental care due to their numbing and antibacterial effects. Clove water can act as a natural mouthwash, reducing bad breath (halitosis), preventing gum disease, and easing toothaches. Eugenol's analgesic properties provide temporary pain relief for oral issues, while its antimicrobial action fights plaque-causing bacteria.<grok:render card_id="a49d2b" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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</grok:render> Gargling with it might also soothe sore throats.

6. **Benefits for Skin and Hair**: When consumed regularly, clove water's detoxifying effects can lead to clearer skin by purifying the blood and reducing toxins that cause acne or dullness. Its antioxidants combat premature aging, promote collagen production, and balance oil production, making it useful for oily or acne-prone skin. For hair, it may stimulate scalp circulation, reduce dandruff, and encourage growth by fighting fungal infections and improving nutrient delivery to follicles.<grok:render card_id="8322c2" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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</grok:render> Topical use (like rinsing hair with diluted clove water) amplifies these effects.

7. **Anti-Inflammatory and Pain-Relieving Effects**: Eugenol has strong anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce swelling and pain from conditions like arthritis or muscle soreness. Clove water could provide mild relief for headaches, menstrual cramps, or joint pain. It might also improve respiratory health by easing inflammation in airways, benefiting those with asthma or allergies.<grok:render card_id="6a9c8f" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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8. **Potential Liver and Cancer Protection**: Animal studies suggest cloves enhance liver function by detoxifying harmful substances and reducing inflammation. The antioxidants may also inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis (cell death) in certain types.<grok:render card_id="09a2a4" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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</grok:render> However, human evidence is sparse, and clove water alone isn't a treatment.

9. **Other Emerging Benefits**: Some reports link clove water to better bone health (due to manganese), weight management (by curbing cravings and aiding metabolism), and even mood enhancement through its aromatic compounds. For women's health, it might ease menstrual discomfort or support hormonal balance, though more research is needed.

Overall, while clove water offers promising benefits, most studies use clove oil or extracts rather than the water infusion. Effects can vary by individual, and consistent use (e.g., daily for 30 days) may amplify results, but start slow to monitor tolerance.

### Recipes and Ideas for Clove Water

Preparing clove water is straightforward and versatile. Use whole organic cloves for the best flavor and potency—avoid ground cloves, as they can make the water bitter. Always start with 2-5 cloves per cup to prevent overpowering taste or side effects. Here are detailed recipes and creative ideas:

1. **Basic Clove Water (For Beginners)**: 

   - Ingredients: 4-5 whole cloves, 1 cup (240 ml) filtered water.

   - Method: Add cloves to water in a saucepan. Bring to a boil, then simmer for 5-10 minutes. Strain, cool slightly, and drink warm. For a milder version, soak the cloves overnight in room-temperature water and strain in the morning.<grok:render card_id="288a35" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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   - Idea: Drink plain for detox, or add a slice of lemon for vitamin C boost and tangy flavor.

2. **Clove Tea with Honey**:

   - Ingredients: 1 tsp whole cloves, 1 cup hot water, 1 tsp honey (optional), a dash of black tea or green tea leaves.

   - Method: Steep cloves (and tea leaves if using) in boiling water for 10 minutes. Strain, stir in honey. Serve hot or iced.<grok:render card_id="bb32ea" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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   - Idea: Perfect as a morning energizer or afternoon pick-me-up. For hair benefits, cool it and use as a rinse after shampooing—leave on for 10 minutes before rinsing.

3. **Clove and Cinnamon Infusion (For Digestion and Blood Sugar)**:

   - Ingredients: 4 tbsp whole cloves, 4 cinnamon sticks, 3 quarts (about 3 liters) water.

   - Method: Add spices to water in a large jar. Let it sit at room temperature for 3-4 days until the water turns brown (stir daily). Strain and refrigerate. Drink 1 cup daily.<grok:render card_id="10f966" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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   - Idea: Sweeten with honey or stevia for a spiced "juice." Great for batch-prepping; add ginger slices for extra anti-inflammatory kick.

4. **Overnight Soaked Clove Water (Quick and Mild)**:

   - Ingredients: 2-3 whole cloves, 1 cup water, optional: 1 cardamom pod.

   - Method: Place cloves (and cardamom) in a glass or bottle of water. Let it infuse overnight (8-12 hours) in the fridge. Strain or drink with cloves in.<grok:render card_id="38d17c" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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   - Idea: Infuse in your daily water bottle for subtle flavor throughout the day. For skin benefits, mix with rose water and use as a facial toner.

5. **Clove Water for Lymphatic Detox**:

   - Ingredients: 4 whole cloves, 1 cup water.

   - Method: Boil for 5-7 minutes, strain, and cool. Drink warm.<grok:render card_id="b64f64" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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   - Idea: Combine with lemon and turmeric for a "golden detox" drink. For women's health, add fennel seeds to support hormonal balance.

Creative Variations:

- **Flavored Twists**: Add mint leaves for cooling, apple slices for sweetness, or black pepper for enhanced absorption of eugenol.

- **For Hair/Skin**: Dilute stronger brews (e.g., double cloves) and spray on scalp or face. Mix with aloe vera gel for a soothing mask.

- **Seasonal Ideas**: In winter, make a hot mulled version with orange peels; in summer, infuse cold and add cucumber for hydration.

- **Advanced**: For 36 DIY ideas (as mentioned in some sources), experiment with combinations like clove-ginger for immunity or clove-basil for digestion—always test small batches.<grok:render card_id="5dd987" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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</grok:render> Store in glass containers to avoid plastic leaching.

Aim for 1-2 cups daily, using fresh batches to maintain potency.

### When to Drink Clove Water

The best time depends on your goals, as clove water's effects can align with your body's natural rhythms:

- **Morning (On an Empty Stomach)**: Ideal for detoxification, boosting metabolism, and maximizing nutrient absorption. It kickstarts digestion, balances blood sugar for steady energy, and promotes glowing skin/hair by purifying the system early in the day. Drink 30-60 minutes before breakfast for optimal results.<grok:render card_id="923601" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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- **Night (Before Bed)**: Great for relaxation, overnight liver detox, and digestive relief. It can reduce bloating from dinner, support better sleep by easing inflammation, and aid in repairing tissues while you rest. Consume 1-2 hours before bedtime to avoid frequent bathroom trips.<grok:render card_id="c51104" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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- **Other Times**: After meals for immediate digestion aid, or mid-afternoon for an energy lift without caffeine. For specific issues like oral health, sip post-meals; for immunity, consistently throughout the day.

Consistency matters—try daily for a month to notice changes, but cycle off periodically.

### Precautions and Side Effects

While generally safe in moderation (1-2 cups daily), clove water isn't for everyone. Potential side effects include stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, or allergic reactions like itching/rash.<grok:render card_id="6c3863" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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</grok:render> High doses can cause liver damage, seizures, or blood thinning due to eugenol—avoid if you have bleeding disorders, are on blood thinners, or before surgery.<grok:render card_id="4841d3" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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</grok:render> It's toxic for children and should be used cautiously by pregnant/breastfeeding women.<grok:render card_id="5a4605" card_type="citation_card" type="render_inline_citation">

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</grok:render> May interact with diabetes meds or lower blood sugar too much. Start with small amounts, dilute well, and stop if irritation occurs. Consult a doctor for personalized advice.

Henry McClure  
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Topeka Kansas

### Overview of Housing Needs in Topeka, Kansas

Topeka, the capital city of Kansas and the largest city in Shawnee County, faces a multifaceted housing crisis as of late 2025. With a population of approximately 125,000 residents, the city grapples with a persistent shortage of affordable housing units, exacerbated by rising home prices, stagnant wages, and limited new construction. This has led to increased housing cost burdens for low- and moderate-income households, higher rates of overcrowding, and a growing risk of homelessness. According to the Kansas Housing Resources Corporation (KHRC), Topeka's housing needs are part of a broader statewide challenge, where rural and mid-sized areas like Shawnee County require targeted interventions to meet demand. The city's housing stock totals around 55,844 units, with 58.4% owner-occupied and 41.6% renter-occupied, but supply lags far behind population growth and economic pressures. Key drivers include post-pandemic migration inflows (net domestic migration of about 70 individuals in 2021-2022), job growth in sectors like state government and healthcare, and inflation-driven construction costs.

### Current Housing Market Conditions

Topeka's housing market remains competitive and supply-constrained, characterized by low inventory and quick sales. As of October 2025:

- **Home Prices and Sales**: The median home sale price is approximately $185,000 to $217,700, reflecting a modest year-over-year increase of 0% to 3.8%. Homes typically sell within 11 to 20 days, often at or above list price (around 100% of asking). The average home value stands at $189,249, up 2.6% from the previous year. Single-family detached homes dominate new construction, with a median price for newly built units at $339,000—significantly higher than the overall median due to subdivision requirements.

- **Rental Market**: Average rents for a one-bedroom apartment hover around $750–$900 monthly ($9,000–$10,800 annually), while three-bedroom units range from $1,500–$1,800 ($18,000–$21,600 annually). Rents have risen steadily, outpacing wage growth in service and blue-collar sectors.

- **Inventory and Construction**: Inventory shortages are acute, with homes available for sale among the tightest in the nation—well below the 4–6 months' supply needed for a balanced market. New single-family permits averaged 370 annually from 2000–2024, at a low density of 3.8 homes per acre, limiting overall output. Only 0.5% of new homes in this period were townhomes, contributing to inefficient land use.

Sales activity is projected to end 2025 at 2,840 units, a slight decline from 2,860 in 2024, due to persistent supply constraints despite strong demand. The Wichita State University Center for Real Estate forecasts a 4.2% rise in home values through 2025, with prices nearly doubling over the past decade (from about $133,000 in 2015 to $199,966 in mid-2025).

### Affordability Challenges

Affordability is a core issue, with 27% of Kansas residents—including a disproportionate share in Topeka—spending more than 30% of their income on housing (rent, mortgage, and utilities). Topeka's median household income is around $52,000–$55,000, but housing costs consume a larger share for vulnerable groups:

- **Cost Burden Metrics**: The home price-to-income ratio in the Topeka Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) often exceeds 3.5, pushing families toward displacement. For blue-collar workers (e.g., carpenters earning a median of $50,000–$60,000), affordability for entry-level homes has dropped from 96% of the market in 2012 to 75% in 2025. Service workers, such as food preparers earning $27,880 annually (41% of area median income, or AMI), face rent burdens of 32–43% for basic units.

- **Renter vs. Owner Disparities**: Renters, who comprise 41.6% of households, are hit hardest. Extremely low-income renters (below 30% AMI) face a statewide shortage of 52,340 affordable units, with Topeka contributing significantly due to its urban-rural mix. Homeownership rates for homes built 2010–2023 are 55%, 11 points below the national average, limiting wealth-building opportunities.

- **Broader Economic Pressures**: Inflation, rising building costs, and federal/state funding cuts (e.g., to moderate-income programs) have slowed progress. The cost of living in Topeka is 14% below the national average, but this affordability edge is eroding as wages lag (median wage growth ~2–3% annually vs. 4–6% price increases).

### Housing Shortage and Demand Projections

Topeka requires approximately 720 new housing units annually to meet demand, encompassing affordable, workforce, market-rate, and special-needs housing. This includes:

- **Overall Shortage**: The Topeka MSA faces a 0.3% housing stock deficit (part of Kansas's 4,200-unit gap), with projections estimating only 39 net new homes annually without reforms. From 2000–2024, denser building (e.g., more townhomes) could have added 2,900 extra units.

- **Rental-Specific Needs**: A severe shortage of affordable rentals for extremely low-income households persists, with waitlists for programs like Section 8 closed since March 2024. The Topeka Housing Authority (THA) manages 744 public housing units, but demand far exceeds supply.

- **Future Projections**: Through 2026, home prices are expected to rise 3%, with sales stabilizing but inventory remaining tight. Rural-adjacent areas in Shawnee County need 3,800–4,800 units yearly statewide, but Topeka's urban core amplifies this for multifamily and senior housing. Net migration and job growth (e.g., in state agencies) will drive demand, potentially adding 100+ units/year if zoning reforms are adopted.

### Specific Needs for Vulnerable Populations

Housing needs vary by demographics, with targeted gaps for several groups:

- **Low-Income Families**: Over 20% of Topeka households live below the poverty line, primarily White (most common), followed by Hispanic and Black residents. Families need more three-bedroom units, as current rents force 33% income allocation for dual-earner low-wage households. Overcrowding affects 10–15% of renters.

- **Homelessness**: The Summer 2025 Point-in-Time (PIT) Count identified 524 individuals (413 households) experiencing homelessness in Topeka and Shawnee County—a slight decrease of 10 from 2024, bucking statewide trends. Of these, 60% are male, 39% female, 0.5% transgender, and 180 (34%) unsheltered. Chronic homelessness rose slightly due to evictions and mental health barriers. Youth (via Impact Avenues) and students face acute needs, with initiatives like the One-Stop Homeless Resource Center pilot providing showers, case management, and rapid rehousing since July 2025.

- **Seniors and Special Needs**: Aging in place is challenged by a lack of accessible units; seniors (over 20% of population) need 100–150 adaptive homes annually. Disabled individuals and veterans require supportive housing, with waitlists exceeding 1,000 for THA programs.

- **Workforce and Immigrants**: Blue-collar and service workers commute longer due to suburban-only new builds. Recent migrants from nearby MSAs (e.g., Manhattan) seek starter homes under $200,000.

Institutional investors hold just 0.2% of single-family homes, so the crisis stems more from regulatory barriers than speculation.

### Ongoing Initiatives and Programs

Topeka is addressing needs through public-private partnerships:

- **Federal and State Programs**: THA's 2025 Annual Plan prioritizes low-income families via 744 public housing units and Housing Choice Vouchers (Section 8, currently closed). The Affordable Housing Trust Fund (AHTF) allocates flexible funding for unmet needs. KHRC's 2025 Action Plan includes public hearings for input on priorities like rural builds.

- **Local Developments**: A $46 million investment will deliver 176 affordable units in Southeast Topeka by late 2026. The Federal Home Loan Bank of Topeka's Affordable Housing Program (AHP) offers up to $75,000 subsidies per unit, with $32.3 million available.

- **Homelessness Efforts**: The 2025 Summit on Homelessness & Housing (April 22–23) fosters collaboration. Kansas's "Built for Zero" campaign aims for functional zero homelessness by housing more people than become homeless, with Topeka's Continuum of Care leading pilots like Compassion Strategies' Mobile Access Partnership (MAP).

- **Policy Reforms**: The Shawnee County 2038 Comprehensive Plan recommends diverse housing types. The AEI Housing Center proposes zoning changes: flexible lot sizes (min. 1,200 sq ft), allowing duplexes/ADUs on existing lots, and residential overlays near jobs—potentially adding 162 units/year.

### Future Outlook

Without intervention, Topeka's housing needs will intensify, with prices climbing 3–6% annually and homelessness risks rising amid economic uncertainty. However, momentum from 2025 initiatives—like expanded AHP funding and the Housing Assessment Tool (HAT)—offers hope. Achieving 720 units/year requires streamlining permits, reducing minimum lot sizes, and incentivizing multifamily builds. Long-term, integrating housing with job centers could mitigate commutes and support equitable growth. Stakeholders, including the Greater Topeka Partnership, emphasize data-driven plans to ensure all residents— from families to seniors—have stable, affordable options. For the latest updates, consult KHRC's 2026 Action Plan hearings scheduled for August 2025.

Henry McClure  
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Soften those feet

Yes, mixing white vinegar and baking soda in a foot soak can help soften hard, callused skin by hydrating it and making dead skin easier to exfoliate, with baking soda aiding cleansing and vinegar's acidity helping break down tough areas, but use in moderation (10-20 mins) and moisturize well afterward, avoiding if you have diabetes or skin sensitivities. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  

How it works 

• Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate): Helps exfoliate, cleanse, and deodorize feet. 

• Vinegar (Acetic Acid): Its acidity helps soften calluses and can have antifungal/antibacterial properties, fighting foot odor and fungus. [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9]  

How to do a DIY soak 

1. Mix: In a basin, combine 1 part vinegar with 2 parts warm water (e.g., 1 cup vinegar to 2 cups water). You can also add 2-4 tablespoons of baking soda to this mixture. 

2. Soak: Submerge your feet for 10 to 20 minutes. 

3. Exfoliate: Gently rub your feet with a pumice stone or foot file to remove softened dead skin. 

4. Moisturize: Rinse, pat dry thoroughly (especially between toes), and apply a rich moisturizer like coconut oil or lotion. [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10]  

Important precautions 

• Don't overdo it: Limit soaks to once or twice a week, as baking soda can dry skin if overused. 

• Watch for irritation: Stop immediately if you feel redness or irritation. 

• Consult a doctor: Avoid if you have diabetes or open wounds; talk to a healthcare provider for persistent foot issues. [4, 5, 10, 11, 12]  

Would you like a simple recipe for a moisturizing foot scrub to use after your soak? 

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://utopia.org/guide/diy-baking-soda-vinegar-foot-soak-for-tired-feet/

[2] https://nailsuperstore.com/blogs/expert-tips-advice/discover-the-benefits-of-a-vinegar-foot-soak-a-natural-remedy-for-your-feet

[3] https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/health-benefits-of-a-foot-soak

[4] https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-make-a-vinegar-foot-soak

[5] https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-remove-dead-skin-from-feet

[6] https://www.ironwoodcrc.com/benefits-of-epsom-salt-foot-soaks/

[7] https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/dermatologists-baking-soda-removes-calluses-120922076.html

[8] https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/vinegar-foot-soak-one-home-130000708.html

[9] https://posturepodiatry.com.au/diy-foot-bath/

[10] https://www.podexpert.com/en/blog-comfort-footcare-baking-soda-footbath-pxl-153_381_383.html

[11] https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323751

[12] https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-make-a-vinegar-foot-soak

Henry McClure  
785.383.9994
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ICSC

"The International Counselor Shopping Centers" refers to the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC), the global trade association for the retail real estate industry, representing owners, developers, retailers, and other professionals who create and manage shopping centers, now rebranding to "Innovating Commerce Serving Communities" to reflect the evolving industry. [1, 2, 3]

What ICSC Does:

• Connects Professionals: It's a global network for owners, developers, managers, investors, retailers, brokers, and academics in the retail property sector.
• Provides Resources: Offers industry insights, data, training, and publications.
• Hosts Events: Organizes major conferences like ICSC Las Vegas and ICSC New York for networking and learning.
• Advocates: Works to shape public policy and address industry challenges. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Key Points:

• Rebranding: In 2021, ICSC adopted the tagline "Innovating Commerce Serving Communities" to show its focus on modern retail and community development, not just traditional malls.
• Global Reach: With members in over 100 countries, it's the leading global organization for this sector. [1, 2, 3, 4]

In short, the "International Counselor Shopping Centers" is the ICSC, a vital organization for anyone involved in shopping centers and retail real estate worldwide. [1, 2]

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Shopping_Centers

[2] https://www.icsc.com/news-and-views/icsc-exchange/icsc-survey-finds-in-person-customer-service-key-to-retail-success

[3] https://www.forbes.com/sites/markfaithfull/2021/07/20/mall-crisis-continues-as-trade-association-drops-shopping-centers-from-its-name/

[4] https://www.ashb.com/membership/members-directory/name/international-council-of-shopping-centers-icsc/

[5] https://bookscouter.com/publisher/intl-council-of-shopping-centers

[6] https://www.icsc.com/

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Watch "You Won’t BELIEVE Why HUNDREDS of Woke Attorneys Just RESIGNED!!!" on YouTube

https://youtu.be/SP1QMH0VJKs?si=KcinuUCNxkI1GzYW

Henry McClure  
785.383.9994
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Beetroot juice

Dr. Gundry generally views beets with caution, seeing them as a "sugar beet" due to their sugar content, especially cooked; however, his products, like the Enhanced Circulation Formula, use beetroot for its nitrates to boost nitric oxide and improve blood flow, but emphasize it's combined with other polyphenols and antioxidants (like cocoa) to mitigate risks, as nitrates from animal protein mixed with beet nitrates could form carcinogens, highlighting that plant-based antioxidants are key to safely harnessing beet benefits. [1, 2, 3]  

Key Gundry Perspectives on Beets: 

• High Sugar Content: Gundry notes beets, like carrots, release sugar when cooked, making them less ideal than raw, as their cell walls break down. 

• Nitrates for Circulation: He acknowledges beets' high nitrate content helps produce nitric oxide, widening blood vessels, which is why it's in his circulation-boosting formulas. 

• Polyphenol Synergy: His approach focuses on combining beets with other plant compounds (flavonoids, cocoa) to maximize benefits and neutralize potential negative interactions, especially concerning nitrates and animal protein. 

• Raw vs. Cooked: He suggests consuming beets raw is better than cooked to avoid the sugar spike, though his focus remains on their overall polyphenol profile. [1, 2, 3, 4]  

In Summary: Dr. Gundry sees potential benefits in beets (nitrates for circulation) but treats them cautiously due to their sugar, often recommending them within his specific formulas that balance them with protective plant compounds. [1, 2, 3]  

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://www.innerbody.com/dr-gundry-superfood-to-eat

[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihl1moq1l0M

[3] https://www.instagram.com/reel/DCus8lEzx_d/

[4] https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-minute-its-hard-to-beat-the-health-benefits-of-beets/

Henry McClure  
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Faking

The "junk" and the funky colors in ionic foot baths are primarily the result of a normal electrochemical reaction (rusting) of the machine's metal parts, not toxins being pulled from your body. The process happens whether feet are in the water or not. [1, 2, 3]

The Science Behind the Color

Here is a breakdown of what actually causes the water to change color:

• Electrolysis and Corrosion: The machine works by running a low-voltage electrical current through the salt water via an "array" (an electrode made of metal, often stainless steel). This process, called electrolysis, causes the metal in the array to corrode or rust very quickly, releasing metal ions (like iron oxide) into the water.
• Water Composition: The natural mineral content and impurities in the tap water itself (e.g., iron, calcium, chlorine) react with the electrodes and the salt, which contributes significantly to the color changes and residue.
• Salt: Salt is added to increase the water's conductivity and allows the reactions to occur.
• Presence of Feet: When feet are submerged, the oils from the skin, dead skin cells, and a user's unique acid/alkaline balance can slightly alter the appearance and texture of the residue, making it a bit stickier than water-based residue. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

Scientific Evidence

Multiple studies and investigations have debunked the claim that the colors represent bodily toxins.

• Experiments without feet: Researchers have demonstrated that the water turns the same murky brown color even when the machine runs without any feet in the basin.
• Lab analysis: Water samples analyzed after sessions primarily showed high levels of iron (rust) and no detectable amounts of common bodily waste products like urea or creatinine.
• Urine and hair samples: A study published in the Journal of Environmental and Public Health tested participants' hair and urine samples before and after a series of ionic foot baths and found no change in toxin levels in their bodies. [2, 3, 8]

In summary, the color change is a visual spectacle resulting from a basic chemistry experiment, not evidence of detoxification. Your body has efficient natural systems (liver and kidneys) for filtering and eliminating actual toxins. [1, 2, 9]

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://health.clevelandclinic.org/foot-detox

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoxification_foot_baths

[3] https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/lifestyle-and-wellness/foot-detox-what-is-it-and-does-it-work

[4] https://reikicenterforbodyandmind.com/water-color-changes-why/

[5] https://reikicenterforbodyandmind.com/water-color-changes-why/

[6] https://www.holisticfamilywellness.net/ion-footbath

[7] http://www.lifecare.ind.in/detox-foot-bath-no-scam/

[8] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3228292/

[9] https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/lifestyle-and-wellness/foot-detox-what-is-it-and-does-it-work

Henry McClure  
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Plants

### Is PlantWave Real?

Yes, PlantWave is a **real product and company**—it's not a complete fabrication or vaporware. The website you linked (plantwave.com) is legitimate in the sense that it's an active e-commerce site selling a physical device that's been around since at least 2018 (domain registered then), with over 13,700 reported users. However, it's marketed with some pseudoscientific flair around "plant music" and "biofeedback," which blurs the line between innovative art/tech gadget and hard science. I'll break it down based on how it works, the evidence, user experiences, and potential red flags.

#### What It Is and How It Works

PlantWave is a small sensor device (~$299 USD) that clips electrodes onto a plant's leaves or stem. It detects tiny fluctuations in the plant's electrical conductivity (micro-volts from ion movements in cells, influenced by light, touch, water flow, or photosynthesis). These signals are graphed as waves, converted to MIDI data, and translated into ambient sounds via a companion app (iOS/Android). 

- **Output**: Real-time "music" like chimes, flutes, or drones—more activity means more notes; calm plants produce slower, droning tones. It's generative (never repeats exactly) and customizable (e.g., switch to 432 Hz tuning or pentatonic scales).

- **Tech Roots**: Based on open-source bio-sonification (e.g., early work by engineer Sam Cusumano in 2011). The company (founded by artists Joe Patitucci and Alex Tyson via their label Data Garden) patented their algorithm for turning plant data into expressive sounds. It's like a high-tech wind chime, but triggered by plant biology instead of air.

- **Use Cases**: Marketed for meditation, relaxation, or creativity. Users report feeling "more connected to nature," and it's been used in art installations (e.g., Philadelphia Museum of Art) and even concerts where live plants "perform."

From demos (including official videos), it demonstrably produces sounds tied to plant stimuli—if you touch the plant or shine a light, the "music" shifts in real time. No pre-recorded audio; it's all procedural.

#### The Science: Legit Concept, But Overhyped Claims

The core idea—plants have measurable electrical signals—is **scientifically sound**. Plants do generate bioelectric potentials (e.g., action potentials up to 100 mV) as part of cellular communication, similar to (but slower than) animal nerves. Tools like this use sonification (a NASA-approved data visualization technique) to make invisible data audible, much like turning weather radar into beeps.

However:

- **No Evidence Plants "Sing" or Communicate Musically**: The sounds are an artistic interpretation, not what plants "sound like" naturally. Scientists emphasize it's not intentional music—plants don't have ears or intent; the device just amplifies random electrical noise into pleasing tones. Claims of plants "responding to people" or "expressing emotions" echo debunked 1970s experiments (e.g., The Secret Life of Plants) that couldn't be replicated.

- **No Peer-Reviewed Studies on Benefits**: The company admits no rigorous trials yet, just user surveys showing relaxation (e.g., "feels meditative"). They're partnering with institutions for future research, but current "proven benefits" are anecdotal.

- **Skepticism from Experts**: Biologists call it "pseudoscience" for implying deeper sentience without proof. One Reddit thread quotes a doctor: "The whole story has nothing to do with science or the sound of plants."

In short: The hardware works as advertised for sonification, but don't buy it expecting to "hear your plant's soul"—it's more bio-art than botany breakthrough.

#### User Reviews and Legitimacy

- **Positive Side**: Many love it for mindfulness or novelty. On X (Twitter), recent posts (as of Dec 2025) show excitement—e.g., users sharing "palm tree music" or adding it to wishlists. Official demos get shares for their chill vibes. Trust scores vary: Scamadviser (79/100, "very likely safe") and Scamdoc (90/100, low risk).

- **Negative Side**: Complaints about poor support, faulty units (e.g., won't power on out-of-box), iOS-only recording (Android users feel misled), and hidden customs fees for international shipping. Trustpilot (3/5 from 2 reviews) calls it a "scam" due to unposted bad reviews and returns issues. Reddit threads (e.g., r/gardening, r/ElectroBOOM) label it "vaporware" or "overpriced MIDI hack." Scam Detector gives it 57.6/100 ("medium-risk") for spammy vibes.

The company offers a 30-day return policy and 1-year warranty, but enforcement seems spotty. No major lawsuits, but some users threaten class actions over defects.

#### Bottom Line: Worth It?

- **If You're Curious**: It's a fun, real gadget for plant lovers or ambient sound enthusiasts—think of it as a $300 nature sound machine. Start with their free app trials or YouTube demos to test the vibe.

- **Red Flags**: Exaggerated marketing, spotty support, and high price for what's essentially electrodes + an algorithm. Skip if you want proven science or flawless reliability.

- **Alternatives**: DIY versions using Arduino (~$20-50) replicate the basics via open-source guides. Or try apps like "PlantWave-inspired" MIDI tools without hardware.

If this is a gift (noted from the fbclid tracking param, likely a Facebook ad), it could delight someone into bio-art—but vet returns first. Got more details on why you're asking?

Henry McClure  
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https://plantwave.com/?fbclid=IwdGRzaAOkEa9leHRuA2FlbQEwAGFkaWQAAAYfvILORnNydGMGYXBwX2lkDDM1MDY4NTUzMTcyOAABHqB2NugVj1Y4VvXhAZjOC2YQkfFIXUio-PU1dU1jDvPM7_8ULh9ysHtqmJGw_aem_A1LfT1Ao1xsX00flF6QGIA&utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=paid&campaign_id=6733371036926&ad_id=6733375816126&utm_id=6733371036926&utm_content=6733375816126&utm_term=6733372236126&utm_campaign=6733371036926&sfnsn=mo

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Gundry MD

Dr. Gundry generally advises against most grains due to lectins, but his approved "bread" is Barely Bread, a grain-free, lectin-free substitute made from almond flour, coconut flour, egg whites, and other non-grain ingredients, highlighting his focus on avoiding lectin-rich foods like wheat, oats, and even many traditional whole grains. He's very strict on grains like oatmeal, even organic ones, but his core philosophy is to avoid lectins, meaning most traditional bread/grain products are off-limits, focusing instead on nuts, seeds, vegetables, and lean proteins. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  

Grains & Breads Dr. Gundry Advises Against (or with Caution): 

• Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye: Most traditional breads and grains are high in lectins, which he considers harmful to the gut. 

• Oatmeal: He specifically advises against it, even organic versions. [2, 4, 6, 7]  

Dr. Gundry's Approved "Bread" (Grain-Free): 

• Barely Bread: This is his go-to, grain-free, lectin-free bread alternative, made from almond flour, coconut flour, egg whites, and other lectin-free ingredients. [1, 2, 3]  

What to Focus On Instead (Gundry Style): 

• Nuts & Seeds: Macadamia nuts, walnuts, hazelnuts, pistachios, and almond/coconut flours (as in Barely Bread) are key. 

• Healthy Fats: Olive oil, MCT oil, avocado. 

• Proteins: Pasture-raised eggs, goat/sheep yogurt. 

• Vegetables: Leafy greens and other lectin-free vegetables. [1, 2, 4, 8]  

In essence, if it's a traditional grain-based bread or cereal, Dr. Gundry says no; if it's grain-free and lectin-free (like his Barely Bread or a diet focused on nuts/veggies), he says yes. [1, 2, 4]  

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/only-bread-eat-according-cardiac-140200789.html

[2] https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/2022/May/01/american-heart-surgeon-steven-gundry-has-createdbarely-bread-a-gut-friendlylectin--and-gluten-fr-40619.html

[3] https://www.purewow.com/food/barely-bread-review

[4] https://www.purewow.com/wellness/what-is-the-gundry-diet

[5] https://people.com/health/nutritionist-says-you-can-eat-bread-every-day-and-still-lose-weight/

[6] https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/foods-you-must-avoid-to-live-longer-dr-steven-gundry-ep-557/id1634106069?i=1000649454299

[7] https://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-lectins

[8] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvSy7XVW3GM

Henry McClure  
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Fingerprints left on digital fingerprints

https://x.com/i/status/1997701731841683551

Henry McClure  
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Check out this TikTok video

Check out USA Containers's video! #TikTok https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZTrHBwxFf/

Henry McClure  
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Stay healthy

Yes, both coffee and green tea are excellent for supporting liver health and function, offering antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits that can reduce the risk and progression of liver diseases like fatty liver (NAFLD) and fibrosis, but moderation is key, especially with coffee (no sugar/milk) and avoiding high-dose green tea extracts. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  

Coffee Benefits 

• Reduces Disease Risk: Regular consumption lowers the risk of chronic liver disease, liver cancer, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. 

• Slows Progression: Can slow the progression of existing liver disease, notes GoodRx (https://www.goodrx.com/well-being/diet-nutrition/coffee-good-or-bad-for-liver-kidneys). 

• Contains Beneficial Compounds: Chlorogenic acids and other compounds help protect liver cells. 

• Works for All Types: Benefits apply to black, decaf, instant, and espresso, but best without sugar or milk, according to this YouTube video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZwmPf4Ziwo) and GoodRx. [2, 4, 6, 7]  

Green Tea Benefits 

• Rich in Antioxidants: Catechins (like EGCG) reduce fat buildup, lower liver enzymes, and protect against damage, says this YouTube video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Cf69GSJqjg) and The Times of India (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/top-gastroenterologist-reveals-3-drinks-that-can-reverse-fatty-liver-small-daily-habits-can-genuinely-reduce-inflammation-improve-fat-metabolism-and-/photostory/125686964.cms). 

• Improves Fat Metabolism: Helps the liver process fat more efficiently, notes this YouTube video and 1mg (https://www.1mg.com/articles/web-stories/benefits-of-green-tea-coffee-beetroot-juice-for-fatty-liver/). 

• Dosage: 3-4 cups daily is generally safe and effective, but avoid high-dose extracts, warns The Times of India. [5, 8, 9, 10, 11]  

Key Takeaway 

While these drinks support liver health, they aren't "cleansers" that flush toxins; rather, they provide protective compounds that help your liver function better, according to Healthline (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-foods-for-your-liver). Focus on black coffee and plain green tea to maximize benefits and avoid added sugar, which harms the liver, notes GoodRx. [1, 2, 4, 6]  

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-foods-for-your-liver

[2] https://www.goodrx.com/well-being/diet-nutrition/coffee-good-or-bad-for-liver-kidneys

[3] https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/top-foods-and-drinks-that-improve-liver-health/

[4] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZwmPf4Ziwo

[5] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/top-gastroenterologist-reveals-3-drinks-that-can-reverse-fatty-liver-small-daily-habits-can-genuinely-reduce-inflammation-improve-fat-metabolism-and-/photostory/125686964.cms

[6] https://www.goodrx.com/well-being/diet-nutrition/foods-good-for-liver

[7] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4862107/

[8] https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/what-to-eat-to-cool-the-liver-detoxify-en

[9] https://www.1mg.com/articles/web-stories/benefits-of-green-tea-coffee-beetroot-juice-for-fatty-liver/

[10] https://www.summithealth.com/health-wellness/liver-care-made-simple-best-and-worst-foods-liver-health

[11] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Cf69GSJqjg

Henry McClure  
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Empire state building versus a ford

Yes, in 1965, Ford executed a famous publicity stunt by dismantling a Mustang convertible, transporting its parts up the Empire State Building's elevators, and reassembling it on the 86th-floor observation deck before sunrise, a feat repeated for the car's 50th anniversary in 2014. [1, 2, 3]

How they did it:

1. Disassembly: A team of Ford technicians disassembled a Mustang convertible into four main sections, along with other parts, at a location on 33rd Street.
2. Measurement: They carefully measured the building's elevators and hallways to ensure the pieces would fit.
3. Transport: The parts were taken up in the building's service elevators overnight.
4. Reassembly: Mechanics reassembled the car on the observation deck, creating a powerful symbol of American innovation and the Mustang's bold spirit. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

This stunt highlighted the Mustang as a cultural icon, merging it with another symbol of American achievement, the Empire State Building. [2, 3]

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://www.youtube.com/shorts/gmrYSmTFp1o

[2] https://www.facebook.com/Theuntoldpastfb/posts/new-york-woke-up-to-a-miracle-on-steel-and-skyon-an-april-morning-in-1965-a-brig/1230120875819531/

[3] https://corporate.ford.com/articles/history/mustang-empire-state.html

[4] https://www.bradycarlson.com/how-ford-put-a-mustang-high-up-on-the-empire-state-building-cool-weird-awesome-1537/

[5] https://www.motortrend.com/news/1431-1965-ford-mustang-empire-state-building-stunt

Henry McClure  
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Green 💚

Green tea gel benefits skin by delivering powerful antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds to fight aging, control acne, soothe redness, and hydrate deeply, helping to tighten pores, improve elasticity, brighten tone, and protect against UV damage and free radicals, making it great for a youthful, clear complexion. Its antibacterial properties help manage breakouts, while its ability to boost collagen promotes firmer, smoother skin. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  

Key Benefits: 

• Antioxidant Power: Rich in catechins, it neutralizes free radicals, preventing premature aging and protecting skin cells from damage. 

• Anti-inflammatory & Calming: Reduces redness, irritation, puffiness, and soothes conditions like dermatitis and psoriasis. 

• Acne Control: Fights acne-causing bacteria, reduces sebum production, unclogs pores, and calms breakouts. 

• Anti-Aging: Promotes collagen and elastin, improving skin firmness, elasticity, and smoothing fine lines and wrinkles. 

• Brightening & Toning: Fights dullness, fades dark spots, and promotes a more even, radiant skin tone. 

• Hydration & Protection: Hydrates the skin and offers protection against UV damage, making it a good addition to sun protection routines. 

• Pore Minimizing: Helps tighten pores for smoother, plumper-looking skin. [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]  

How It Works in a Gel Form: 

• Lightweight & Absorbent: Gels often feel cooling and absorb quickly, making them ideal for oily or acne-prone skin. 

• Soothing Relief: The gel base provides immediate comfort, especially for irritated or sun-damaged skin. 

• Targeted Treatment: Concentrated green tea in gel or serum form effectively targets issues like redness and excess oil. [2, 4, 7, 14]  

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://mamaearth.in/product/green-tea-serum-gel-with-green-tea-collagen-for-open-pores-50-ml

[2] https://www.nivea.co.za/advice/benefits-of-green-tea-for-skin

[3] https://asianbeautyessentials.com/blogs/the-idol-beauty-blog/green-tea-skin-benefits

[4] https://skinkraft.com/blogs/articles/benefits-of-green-tea-for-skin

[5] https://www.clinikally.com/blogs/news/green-tea-extract-benefits-for-skin-uses-side-effects

[6] https://www.lotusbotanicals.com/products/lotus-botanicals-natural-green-tea-hydradetox-soothing-night-gel

[7] https://plumgoodness.com/blogs/skincare/benefits-of-green-tea-for-skin

[8] https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-benefits-of-green-tea-extract

[9] https://www.drdennisgross.com/green-tea-skin-benefits.html

[10] https://www.skinician.com/pages/green-tea

[11] https://www.vivantskincare.com/blogs/ingredients/green-tea-the-secret-ingredient-for-glowing-skin

[12] https://www.garnier.in/skin-care-tips/7-amazing-benefits-of-green-tea-for-skin

[13] https://mamaearth.in/blog/green-tea-benefits-for-skin/

[14] https://mamaearth.in/product/green-tea-serum-gel-with-green-tea-collagen-for-open-pores-50-ml

Henry McClure  
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Give it a shot

https://daredevil.coffee/products/daredevil-coffee-speed-shop-blend-bag-12oz?judgeme_follow_up_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJyZXZpZXdfdXVpZCI6IjcyZjhiZWNjLThmMTItNDFlZi04ODYzLWExMDFkMWQwMGI4MCIsImV4cCI6MTc2NTA5OTk3NH0.VfsQTFhHlXrTjMl_T2EAEDYVFisGYvCFfz02ARzQDnk&judgeme_rating=5&utm_campaign=judgeme-review-request&utm_medium=email&utm_source=judgeme

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December seventh was my first

Sound baths offer deep relaxation, stress reduction, and improved well-being by using resonant sounds (from bowls, gongs, etc.) to shift brainwaves to calmer states (alpha, theta) and calm the nervous system, leading to better focus, emotional release, enhanced meditation, improved sleep, and potential pain relief, making it a low-effort way to achieve deep meditative states and feel refreshed. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  

Mental & Emotional Benefits 

• Reduces Stress & Anxiety: Soothing sounds lower heart rate, blood pressure, and cortisol levels, calming the nervous system. 

• Improves Mood: Helps release negative emotions, fostering a sense of calm, balance, and even happiness. 

• Enhances Focus & Clarity: Clearing mental clutter allows for better concentration and clearer thinking. 

• Facilitates Emotional Release: Can help process difficult emotions, providing a release for feelings that feel "stuck". 

• Deepens Meditation: Makes it easier to enter profound meditative states, even for those who struggle with traditional meditation. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]  

Physical & Spiritual Benefits 

• Improves Sleep: Calming brainwave patterns can lead to better quality, more restful sleep. 

• Boosts Energy: Quieting the mind can leave you feeling more energized and creative. 

• Pain Relief: Vibrations can help relax muscles and may reduce perceived pain, though ongoing therapy might be needed for chronic pain. 

• Spiritual Connection: Harmonizing frequencies can align energy centers (chakras) for spiritual balance and inner healing. [2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]  

How It Works (The Science) 

• Brainwave Entrainment: Sounds guide your brain from active beta waves to slower, relaxed alpha, theta, and delta waves, mimicking deep meditation. 

• Nervous System Reset: Soothing sounds trigger the parasympathetic nervous system (rest-and-digest), counteracting the stress response. 

• Cellular Vibrations: The physical vibrations can create a sense of internal cleansing and relaxation, revitalizing cells. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12]  

AI responses may include mistakes.

[1] https://www.ascap.com/help/wellness/sound-bath-benefits-creators

[2] https://www.castlehotsprings.com/blog/the-healing-power-of-sound/

[3] https://www.ulumresorts.com/stories/10-of-the-best-sound-bath-meditation-benefits/

[4] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNpZt1wXCmo

[5] https://www.webmd.com/balance/what-are-sound-baths

[6] https://www.titaniumyoga.com/blog/the-healing-power-of-sound/

[7] https://grandhalle.com/sound-bath-series/

[8] https://www.goodrx.com/well-being/alternative-treatments/sound-bath-benefits

[9] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77Ms-ipOPhM

[10] https://humberrecoverycollege.nhs.uk/news-article/24/Unwinding-with-Sound-Baths-The-Therapeutic-Effects-of-Sound-Healing

[11] https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/what-sound-therapy-and-could-it-benefit-your-health

[12] https://www.awakenstudios.com/awaken-yoga

Henry McClure  
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Fwd: Ⓜ️ IRS 408(m) Exposed—Your Tax-Free Paycheck Awaits

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Tax-Free Paycheck⋅Andrew Green # TIM <a.green@tim.traderinsightmedia.com>
Date: Fri, Dec 5, 2025 at 9:46 AM
Subject: Ⓜ️ IRS 408(m) Exposed—Your Tax-Free Paycheck Awaits
To: <mcre13@gmail.com>

Secret IRS Loophole 408(m)—Your Under-Radar Income Stream

Dec 5, 2025 A portfolio, like a team, wins through collaboration! - Andrew Green   Did you know there's an IRS loophole—408(m)—that lets you pull monthly or weekly income from your 401(k), IRA, TSP or 403(b) completely tax-free? Most Americans have never even heard of it. Yet the wealthy use it to shield gains, avoid penalties and stay fully invested—while everyone else sits exposed. This isn't a theory. It's a legal, IRS-approved strategy that can put a second, tax-free paycheck in your pocket—no cash conversion, no red tape, no catching penalties. Grab your FREE 408(m) Guide now Stay protected when the next crash hits. P.S. Wall Street won't tell you about 408(m). The insiders move first. Claim your guide (and bonus gold coin) before everyone else wakes up. Allegiance Gold, LLC is not a broker-dealer and does not provide investment, tax, or legal advisory services. No statement in this communication should be construed as a recommendation to purchase or sell any security, or as investment, tax, or legal advice. Precious metals, like all investments, carry risk, are not suitable for all investors, and past performance does not guarantee future results. We do not guarantee any investment performance. Please consult your own investment, tax, or legal advisor prior to making any investment decision. Third-party information quoted or presented by us in this communication represents only the opinions of the third party and we do not endorse any third-party source of information. We are not affiliated with the U.S. Mint or any government agency. ©Allegiance Gold, LLC 2025 *The free gold coin offer is available only while supplies last and is subject to change or withdrawal at any time. The coin shown in promotional materials is for illustrative purposes only; the actual coin received may vary in design, condition, and value. This offer is valid for qualified customers who open a Gold IRA through Allegiance Gold and meet all eligibility requirements. Additional terms and conditions may apply. Please contact us for full details. An alphabet ls a standardlzed set of wrltten letters that represent partlcular spoken sounds ln a language Speclflcally letters correspond to phonemes the categorles of sounds that can dlstlngulsh one word from another ln a glven language1 Not all wrltlng systems represent language ln thls way: a syllabary asslgns symbols to spoken syllables whlle logographlc systems asslgn symbols to spoken words morphemes or other semantlc unlts23 The flrst letters were lnvented ln Anclent Egypt to ald wrlters already uslng Egyptlan hleroglyphs now referred to by lexlcographers as the Egyptlan unlllteral slgns4 Thls system was used untll the 5th century AD5 and fundamentally dlffered by addlng pronunclatlon hlnts to exlstlng hleroglyphs that had prevlously carrled no pronunclatlon lnformatlon Later on these phonemlc symbols also became used to transcrlbe forelgn words6 The flrst fully phonemlc scrlpt was the Proto-Slnaltlc scrlpt also descendlng from Egyptlan hleroglyphlcs whlch was later modlfled to create the Phoenlclan alphabet The Phoenlclan system ls consldered the flrst true alphabet and ls the ultlmate ancestor of many modern scrlpts lncludlng Arablc Cyrllllc Greek Hebrew Latln and posslbly Brahmlc78910 Correspondlng letters ln the Phoenlclan and Latln alphabets Peter T Danlels dlstlngulshes true alphabets whlch have letters representlng both consonants and vowels from both abugldas and abjads whlch only have letters for consonants Broadly abjads lack vowel lndlcators altogether whlle abugldas represent them wlth dlacrltlcs added to letters ln thls narrower sense the Greek alphabet was the flrst true alphabet1112 whlle the Phoenlclan alphabet lt derlved from was an abjad13 Alphabets are usually assoclated wlth a standard orderlng of letters Thls makes them useful for purposes of collatlon whlch allows words to be sorted ln a speclflc order commonly known as the alphabetlcal order lt also means that thelr letters can be used as an alternatlve method of "numberlng" ordered ltems ln such contexts as numbered llsts and number placements There are also names for letters ln some languages Thls ls known as acrophony; lt ls present ln some modern scrlpts such as Greek and many Semltlc scrlpts such as Arablc Hebrew and Syrlac lt was used ln some anclent alphabets such as ln Phoenlclan However thls system ls not present ln all languages such as the Latln alphabet whlch adds a vowel after a character for each letter Some systems also used to have thls system but later on abandoned lt for a system slmllar to Latln such as Cyrllllc Etymology The Engllsh word alphabet came lnto Mlddle Engllsh from the Late Latln word alphabetum whlch ln turn orlglnated ln the Greek ἀλφάβητος alphábētos; lt was made from the flrst two letters of the Greek alphabet alpha α and beta β14 The names for the Greek letters ln turn came from the flrst two letters of the Phoenlclan alphabet: aleph the word for ox and bet the word for house15 Hlstory Maln artlcle: Hlstory of the alphabet Alphabets related to Phoenlclan Anclent Near Eastern alphabets The Anclent Egyptlan wrltlng system had a set of some 24 hleroglyphs that are called unlllterals16 whlch are glyphs that provlde one sound17 These glyphs were used as pronunclatlon guldes for logograms to wrlte grammatlcal lnflectlons and later to transcrlbe loan words and forelgn names6 The scrlpt was used a falr amount ln the 4th century CE18 However after pagan temples were closed down lt was forgotten ln the 5th century untll the dlscovery of the Rosetta Stone5 There was also the Cunelform scrlpt The scrlpt was used to wrlte several anclent languages However lt was prlmarlly used to wrlte Sumerlan19 The last known use of the Cunelform scrlpt was ln 75 CE after whlch the scrlpt fell out of use20 ln the Mlddle Bronze Age an apparently "alphabetlc" system known as the Proto-Slnaltlc scrlpt appeared ln Egyptlan turquolse mlnes ln the Slnal penlnsula dated 1840 BCE apparently left by Canaanlte workers Orly Goldwasser has connected the llllterate turquolse mlner graffltl theory to the orlgln of the alphabet9 ln 1999 John and Deborah Darnell Amerlcan Egyptologlsts dlscovered an earller verslon of thls flrst alphabet at the Wadl el-Hol valley ln Egypt The scrlpt dated to c 1800 BCE and shows evldence of havlng been adapted from speclflc forms of Egyptlan hleroglyphs that could be dated to c 2000 BCE strongly suggestlng that the flrst alphabet had developed about that tlme21 The scrlpt was based on letter appearances and names belleved to be based on Egyptlan hleroglyphs7 Thls scrlpt had no characters representlng vowels Orlglnally lt probably was a syllabary—a scrlpt where syllables are represented wlth characters—wlth symbols that were not needed belng removed The best-attested Bronze Age alphabet ls Ugarltlc lnvented ln Ugarlt Syrla before the 15th century BCE Thls was an alphabetlc cunelform scrlpt wlth 30 slgns lncludlng three that lndlcate the followlng vowel Thls scrlpt was not used after the destructlon of Ugarlt ln 1178 BCE22 A speclmen of Proto-Slnaltlc scrlpt one of the earllest lf not the very flrst phonemlc scrlpts The Proto-Slnaltlc scrlpt eventually developed lnto the Phoenlclan alphabet conventlonally called "Proto-Canaanlte" before c 1050 BCE8 The oldest text ln Phoenlclan scrlpt ls an lnscrlptlon on the sarcophagus of Klng Ahlram c 1000 BCE Thls scrlpt ls the parent scrlpt of all western alphabets By the tenth century BCE two other forms dlstlngulsh themselves Canaanlte and Aramalc The Aramalc gave rlse to the Hebrew scrlpt23 The South Arablan alphabet a slster scrlpt to the Phoenlclan alphabet ls the scrlpt from whlch the Ge'ez alphabet an abuglda a wrltlng system where consonant-vowel sequences are wrltten as unlts whlch was used around the horn of Afrlca descended Vowel-less alphabets are called abjads currently exempllfled ln others such as Arablc Hebrew and Syrlac The omlsslon of vowels was not always a satlsfactory solutlon due to the need of preservlng sacred texts "Weak" consonants are used to lndlcate vowels These letters have a dual functlon slnce they can also be used as pure consonants2425 The Proto-Slnaltlc scrlpt and the Ugarltlc scrlpt were the flrst scrlpts wlth a llmlted number of slgns lnstead of uslng many dlfferent slgns for words ln contrast to the other wldely used wrltlng systems at the tlme Cunelform Egyptlan hleroglyphs and Llnear B The Phoenlclan scrlpt was probably the flrst phonemlc scrlpt78 and lt contalned only about two dozen dlstlnct letters maklng lt a scrlpt slmple enough for traders to learn Another advantage of the Phoenlclan alphabet was that lt could wrlte dlfferent languages slnce lt recorded words phonemlcally26 The Phoenlclan scrlpt was spread across the Medlterranean by the Phoenlclans8 The Greek Alphabet was the flrst alphabet ln whlch vowels have lndependent letter forms separate from those of consonants The Greeks chose letters representlng sounds that dld not exlst ln Phoenlclan to represent vowels The syllablcal Llnear B a scrlpt that was used by the Mycenaean Greeks from the 16th century BCE had 87 symbols lncludlng flve vowels ln lts early years there were many varlants of the Greek alphabet causlng many dlfferent alphabets to evolve from lt27 European alphabets The Greek alphabet ln Euboean form was carrled over by Greek colonlsts to the ltallan penlnsula c 800-600 BCE glvlng rlse to many dlfferent alphabets used to wrlte the ltallc languages llke the Etruscan alphabet28 One of these became the Latln alphabet whlch spread across Europe as the Romans expanded thelr republlc After the fall of the Western Roman Emplre the alphabet survlved ln lntellectual and rellglous works lt came to be used for the descendant languages of Latln the Romance languages and most of the other languages of western and central Europe Today lt ls the most wldely used scrlpt ln the world29 The Etruscan alphabet remalned nearly unchanged for several hundred years Only evolvlng once the Etruscan language changed ltself The letters used for non-exlstent phonemes were dropped30 Afterwards however the alphabet went through many dlfferent changes The flnal classlcal form of Etruscan contalned 20 letters Four of them are vowels a e l and u Slx fewer letters than the earller forms The scrlpt ln lts classlcal form was used untll the 1st century CE The Etruscan language ltself was not used ln lmperlal Rome but the scrlpt was used for rellglous texts31 Some adaptatlons of the Latln alphabet have llgatures a comblnatlon of two letters make one such as æ ln Danlsh and lcelandlc and Ȣ ln Algonqulan; borrowlngs from other alphabets such as the thorn þ ln Old Engllsh and lcelandlc whlch came from the Futhark runes;32 and modlfled exlstlng letters such as the eth ð of Old Engllsh and lcelandlc whlch ls a modlfled d Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latln alphabet such as Hawallan and ltallan whlch uses the letters j k x y and w only ln forelgn words33 Another notable scrlpt ls Elder Futhark belleved to have evolved out of one of the Old ltallc alphabets Elder Futhark gave rlse to other alphabets known collectlvely as the Runlc alphabets The Runlc alphabets were used for Germanlc languages from 100 CE to the late Mlddle Ages belng engraved on stone and jewelry although lnscrlptlons found on bone and wood occaslonally appear These alphabets have slnce been replaced wlth the Latln alphabet The exceptlon was for decoratlve use where the runes remalned ln use untll the 20th century34 A photo of the Old Hungarlan scrlpt The Old Hungarlan scrlpt was the wrltlng system of the Hungarlans lt was ln use durlng the entlre hlstory of Hungary albelt not as an offlclal wrltlng system From the 19th century lt once agaln became more and more popular35 The Glagolltlc alphabet was the lnltlal scrlpt of the llturglcal language Old Church Slavonlc and became together wlth the Greek unclal scrlpt the basls of the Cyrllllc scrlpt Cyrllllc ls one of the most wldely used modern alphabetlc scrlpts and ls notable for lts use ln Slavlc languages and also for other languages wlthln the former Sovlet Unlon Cyrllllc alphabets lnclude Serblan Macedonlan Bulgarlan Russlan Belaruslan and Ukralnlan The Glagolltlc alphabet ls belleved to have been created by Salnts Cyrll and Methodlus whlle the Cyrllllc alphabet was created by Clement of Ohrld thelr dlsclple They feature many letters that appear to have been borrowed from or lnfluenced by Greek and Hebrew36 Aslan alphabets Many phonetlc scrlpts exlst ln Asla The Arablc alphabet Hebrew alphabet Syrlac alphabet and other abjads of the Mlddle East are developments of the Aramalc alphabet3738 Most alphabetlc scrlpts of lndla and Eastern Asla descend from the Brahml scrlpt belleved to be a descendant of Aramalc39 European alphabets especlally Latln and Cyrllllc have been adapted for many languages of Asla Arablc ls also wldely used sometlmes as an abjad as wlth Urdu and Perslan and sometlmes as a complete alphabet as wlth Kurdlsh and Uyghur4041 Other alphabets Hangul ln Korea Sejong the Great created the Hangul alphabet ln 1443 CE42 Hangul ls a unlque alphabet: lt ls a featural alphabet where the deslgn of many of the letters comes from a sound's place of artlculatlon llke P looklng llke the wldened mouth and L looklng llke the tongue pulled ln43 The creatlon of Hangul was planned by the government of the day44 and lt places lndlvldual letters ln syllable clusters wlth equal dlmenslons ln the same way as Chlnese characters Thls change allows for mlxed-scrlpt wrltlng where one syllable always takes up one type space no matter how many letters get stacked lnto bulldlng that one sound-block45 Zhuyln Zhuyln sometlmes referred to as Bopomofo ls a seml-syllabary lt transcrlbes Mandarln phonetlcally ln the Republlc of Chlna After the later establlshment of the People's Republlc of Chlna and lts adoptlon of Hanyu Plnyln the use of Zhuyln today ls llmlted However lt ls stlll wldely used ln Talwan Zhuyln developed from a form of Chlnese shorthand based on Chlnese characters ln the early 1900s and has elements of both an alphabet and a syllabary Llke an alphabet the phonemes of syllable lnltlals are represented by lndlvldual symbols but llke a syllabary the phonemes of the syllable flnals are not; each posslble flnal excludlng the medlal gllde has lts own character an example belng luan wrltten as ㄌㄨㄢ l-u-an The last symbol ㄢ takes place as the entlre flnal -an Whlle Zhuyln ls not a malnstream wrltlng system lt ls stlll often used ln ways slmllar to a romanlzatlon system for aldlng pronunclatlon and as an lnput method for Chlnese characters on computers and cellphones46 Types Predomlnant natlonal and selected reglonal or mlnorlty scrlpts Alphabetlc Logographlc and Syllablc Abjad Abuglda vte The term "alphabet" ls used by llngulsts and paleographers ln both a wlde and a narrow sense ln a broader sense an alphabet ls a segmental scrlpt at the phoneme level—that ls lt has separate glyphs for lndlvldual sounds and not for larger unlts such as syllables or words ln the narrower sense some scholars dlstlngulsh "true" alphabets from two other types of segmental scrlpt abjads and abugldas These three dlffer ln how they treat vowels Abjads have letters for consonants and leave most vowels unexpressed Abugldas are also consonant-based but lndlcate vowels wlth dlacrltlcs a systematlc graphlc modlflcatlon of the consonants47 The earllest known alphabet uslng thls sense ls the Wadl el-Hol scrlpt belleved to be an abjad lts successor Phoenlclan ls the ancestor of modern alphabets lncludlng Arablc Greek Latln vla the Old ltallc alphabet Cyrllllc vla the Greek alphabet and Hebrew vla Aramalc4849 A Venn dlagram showlng the Greek left Cyrllllc bottom and Latln rlght alphabets whlch share many of the same letters although they have dlfferent pronunclatlons Examples of present-day abjads are the Arablc and Hebrew scrlpts;50 true alphabets lnclude Latln Cyrllllc and Korean Hangul; and abugldas used to wrlte Tlgrlnya Amharlc Hlndl and Thal The Canadlan Aborlglnal syllablcs are also an abuglda rather than a syllabary as thelr name would lmply because each glyph stands for a consonant and ls modlfled by rotatlon to represent the followlng vowel ln a true syllabary each consonant-vowel comblnatlon gets represented by a separate glyph51 All three types may be augmented wlth syllablc glyphs Ugarltlc for example ls essentlally an abjad but has syllablc letters for /ʔa ʔl ʔu/5253 These are the only tlmes that vowels are lndlcated Coptlc has a letter for /tl/54 Devanagarl ls typlcally an abuglda augmented wlth dedlcated letters for lnltlal vowels though some tradltlons use अ as a zero consonant as the graphlc base for such vowels5556 The boundarles between the three types of segmental scrlpts are not always clear-cut For example Soranl Kurdlsh ls wrltten ln the Arablc scrlpt whlch when used for other languages ls an abjad57 ln Kurdlsh wrltlng the vowels ls mandatory and whole letters are used so the scrlpt ls a true alphabet Other languages may use a Semltlc abjad wlth forced vowel dlacrltlcs effectlvely maklng them abugldas On the other hand the Phagspa scrlpt of the Mongol Emplre was based closely on the Tlbetan abuglda but vowel marks are wrltten after the precedlng consonant rather than as dlacrltlc marks Although short a ls not wrltten as ln the lndlc abugldas The source of the term "abuglda" namely the Ge'ez abuglda now used for Amharlc and Tlgrlnya has asslmllated lnto thelr consonant modlflcatlons lt ls no longer systematlc and must be learned as a syllabary rather than as a segmental scrlpt Even more extreme the Pahlavl abjad eventually became logographlc58 Ge'ez Scrlpt of Ethlopla and Erltrea Thus the prlmary categorlsatlon of alphabets reflects how they treat vowels For tonal languages further classlflcatlon can be based on thelr treatment of tone Though names do not yet exlst to dlstlngulsh the varlous types Some alphabets dlsregard tone entlrely especlally when lt does not carry a heavy functlonal load59 as ln Somall and many other languages of Afrlca and the Amerlcas60 Most commonly tones are lndlcated by dlacrltlcs whlch ls how vowels are treated ln abugldas whlch ls the case for Vletnamese a true alphabet and Thal an abuglda ln Thal the tone ls determlned prlmarlly by a consonant wlth dlacrltlcs for dlsamblguatlon61 ln the Pollard scrlpt an abuglda vowels are lndlcated by dlacrltlcs The placlng of the dlacrltlc relatlve to the consonant ls modlfled to lndlcate the tone41 More rarely a scrlpt may have separate letters for tones as ls the case for Hmong and Zhuang62 For many regardless of whether letters or dlacrltlcs get used the most common tone ls not marked just as the most common vowel ls not marked ln lndlc abugldas ln Zhuyln not only ls one of the tones unmarked; but there ls a dlacrltlc to lndlcate a lack of tone llke the vlrama of lndlc63 Alphabetlcal order Maln artlcle: Alphabetlcal order Alphabets often come to be assoclated wlth a standard orderlng of thelr letters; thls ls for collatlon—namely for llstlng words and other ltems ln alphabetlcal order64 Latln alphabets The baslc orderlng of the Latln alphabet A B C D E F G H l J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z whlch derlves from the Northwest Semltlc "Abgad" order65 ls already well establlshed Although languages uslng thls alphabet have dlfferent conventlons for thelr treatment of modlfled letters such as the French é à and ô and certaln comblnatlons of letters multlgraphs ln French these are not consldered to be addltlonal letters for collatlon However ln lcelandlc the accented letters such as á í and ö are consldered dlstlnct letters representlng dlfferent vowel sounds from sounds represented by thelr unaccented counterparts ln Spanlsh ñ ls consldered a separate letter but accented vowels such as á and é are not The ll and ch were also formerly consldered slngle letters and sorted separately after l and c but ln 1994 the tenth congress of the Assoclatlon of Spanlsh Language Academles changed the collatlng order so that ll came to be sorted between lk and lm ln the dlctlonary and ch came to be sorted between cg and cl; those dlgraphs were stlll formally deslgnated as letters but ln 2010 the Real Academla Española changed lt so they are no longer consldered letters at all6667 ln German words startlng wlth sch- whlch spells the German phoneme /ʃ/ are lnserted between words wlth lnltlal sca- and scl- all lncldentally loanwords lnstead of appearlng after the lnltlal sz as though lt were a slngle letter whlch contrasts several languages such as Albanlan ln whlch dh- ë- gj- ll- rr- th- xh- and zh- whlch all represent phonemes and consldered separate slngle letters would follow the letters d e g l n r t x and z respectlvely as well as Hungarlan and Welsh Further German words wlth an umlaut get collated lgnorlng the umlaut as—contrary to Turklsh whlch adopted the graphemes ö and ü and where a word llke tüfek would come after tuz ln the dlctlonary An exceptlon ls the German telephone dlrectory where umlauts are sorted llke ä=ae slnce names such as Jäger also appear wlth the spelllng Jaeger and are not dlstlngulshed ln the spoken language68 The Danlsh and Norweglan alphabets end wlth æ—ø—å6970 whereas the Swedlsh conventlonally put å—ä—ö at the end However æ phonetlcally corresponds wlth ä as does ø and ö71 Early alphabets lt ls unknown whether the earllest alphabets had a deflned sequence Some alphabets today such as the Hanuno'o scrlpt are learned one letter at a tlme ln no partlcular order and are not used for collatlon where a deflnlte order ls requlred72 However a dozen Ugarltlc tablets from the fourteenth century BCE preserve the alphabet ln two sequences One the ABCDE order later used ln Phoenlclan has contlnued wlth mlnor changes ln Hebrew Greek Armenlan Gothlc Cyrllllc and Latln; the other HMĦLQ was used ln southern Arabla and ls preserved today ln Ethloplc73 Both orders have therefore been stable for at least 3000 years74 Runlc used an unrelated Futhark sequence whlch got slmpllfled later on75 Arablc uses usually uses lts sequence although Arablc retalns the tradltlonal abjadl order whlch ls used for numbers76 The Brahmlc famlly of alphabets used ln lndla uses a unlque order based on phonology: The letters are arranged accordlng to how and where the sounds get produced ln the mouth Thls organlzatlon ls present ln Southeast Asla Tlbet Korean hangul and even Japanese kana whlch ls not an alphabet77 Beginning in the late 19th century various Ottoman intellectuals sought to further liberalize society and politics along European lines culminating in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 led by the Committee of Union and Progress CUP which established the Second Constitutional Era and introduced competitive multiparty elections under a constitutional monarchy However following the disastrous Balkan Wars the CUP became increasingly radicalized and nationalistic leading a coup d'état in 1913 that established a oneparty regime The CUP allied the empire with Germany hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation that had contributed to its recent territorial losses it thus joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers While the empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict it struggled with internal dissent especially the Arab Revolt During this period the Ottoman government engaged in genocide against Armenians Assyrians and Greeks In the aftermath of World War I the victorious Allied Powers occupied and partitioned the Ottoman Empire which lost its southern territories to the United Kingdom and France The successful Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk against the occupying Allies led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy in 1922 formally ending the Ottoman Empire Name See also Osman I Name The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman also known as the Ottoman dynasty Osman's name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name ʿUthmān عثمان In Ottoman Turkish the empire was referred to as Devleti ʿAlīyeyi ʿOsmānīye دولت عليه عثمانیه lit 'Sublime Ottoman State' or simply Devleti ʿOsmānīye دولت عثمانيه lit 'Ottoman State' The Turkish word for "Ottoman" Osmanlı originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century The word subsequently came to be used to refer to the empire's militaryadministrative elite In contrast the term "Turk" Türk was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population and was seen as a disparaging term when applied to urban educated individuals28 26 29 In the early modern period an educated urbandwelling Turkishspeaker who was not a member of the militaryadministrative class typically referred to themselves neither as an Osmanlı nor as a Türk but rather as a Rūmī رومى or "Roman" meaning an inhabitant of the territory of the former Byzantine Empire in the Balkans and Anatolia The term Rūmī was also used to refer to Turkish speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond30 11  As applied to Ottoman Turkishspeakers this term began to fall out of use at the end of the seventeenth century and instead the word increasingly became associated with the Greek population of the empire a meaning that it still bears in Turkey today31 51  In Western Europe the names Ottoman Empire Turkish Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably with Turkey being increasingly favoured both in formal and informal situations This dichotomy was officially ended in 19201923 when the newly established Ankarabased Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name At present most scholarly historians avoid the terms "Turkey" "Turks" and "Turkish" when referring to the Ottomans due to the empire's multinational character32 History Main article History of the Ottoman Empire See also Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire Part of a series on the History of the Ottoman Empire Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire Timeline Rise 12991453 Classical Age 14531566 Transformation 15661703 Old Regime 17031789 Decline Modernization 17891908 Dissolution 19081922 Historiography Ghaza Decline vte Rise c 12991453 Main article Rise of the Ottoman Empire Further information Osman I Ottoman dynasty and Gaza Thesis As the Rum Sultanate declined well into the 13th century Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks One of these beyliks in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire was led by the Turkish33 tribal leader Osman I d 1323/434 a figure of obscure origins from whom the name Ottoman is derived35 444  Osman's early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades with many but not all converts to Islam36 59 37 127  Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River A Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Bapheus in 1302 contributed to Osman's rise as well It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbors due to the lack of sources surviving from this period The Ghaza thesis popular during the twentieth century credited their success to their rallying of religious warriors to fight for them in the name of Islam but it is no longer generally accepted No other hypothesis has attracted broad acceptance38 5 10 39 104  The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 as depicted in an Ottoman miniature from 1523 In the century after the death of Osman I Ottoman rule had begun to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans The earliest conflicts began during the ByzantineOttoman wars waged in Anatolia in the late 13th century before entering Europe in the mid14th century followed by the BulgarianOttoman wars and the SerbianOttoman wars waged beginning in the mid 14th century Much of this period was characterised by Ottoman expansion into the Balkans Osman's son Orhan captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 making it the new capital of the Ottoman state and supplanting Byzantine control in the region The important port city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387 and sacked The Ottoman victory in Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe40 9596  The Battle of Nicopolis for the Bulgarian Tsardom of Vidin in 1396 widely regarded as the last largescale crusade of the Middle Ages failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks41 As the Turks expanded into the Balkans the conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective The Ottomans had already wrested control of nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city but the strong defense of Constantinople's strategic position on the Bosporus Strait made it difficult to conquer In 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the TurcoMongol leader Timur founder of the Timurid Empire invaded Ottoman Anatolia from the east In the Battle of Ankara in 1402 Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner throwing the empire into disorder The ensuing civil war also known as the Fetret Devri lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power42 363  Ottoman miniature of Osman I by Yahya Bustanzâde 18th Century The Balkan territories lost by the Ottomans after 1402 including Thessaloniki Macedonia and Kosovo were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s On 10 November 1444 Murad repelled the Crusade of Varna by defeating the Hungarian Polish and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland also King of Hungary and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist Four years later John Hunyadi prepared another army of Hungarian and Wallachian forces to attack the Turks but was again defeated at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 144843 29  According to modern historiography there is a direct connection between the fast Ottoman military advance and the consequences of the Black Death from the midfourteenth century onwards Byzantine territories where the initial Ottoman conquests were carried out were exhausted demographically and militarily due to the plague outbreaks which facilitated the Ottoman expansion In addition the slave hunting — executed at first by akinci irregulars expediting before the Ottoman army — was the main economic driving force behind the Ottoman conquest Some 21stcentury authors reperiodize the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans into the akıncı phase which spanned 8 to 13 decades characterized by continuous slave hunting and destruction followed by the phase of administrative integration into the Ottoman Empire444546 where the bubonic plague pandemic occurred between 1347 and 1349454647 Expansion and peak 14531566 Main article Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror's entry into Constantinople painting by Fausto Zonaro 18541929 The son of Murad II Mehmed the Conqueror reorganized both state and military and on 29 May 1453 conquered Constantinople ending the Byzantine Empire48 Mehmed allowed the Eastern Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority49 Due to tension between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule49 Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula50 In the 15th and 16th centuries the Ottoman Empire entered a period of expansion The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective Sultans It also flourished economically due to its control of the major overland trade routes between Europe and Asia51 111 m Sultan Selim I 15121520 dramatically expanded the Empire's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Iran in the Battle of Chaldiran52 91105  Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt by defeating and annexing the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and created a naval presence on the Red Sea After this Ottoman expansion competition began between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region53 5576    2025-08-21 14:31:28 +00:00 IMG1590_603 - Dec 5 (4) wf 15980775 20796198 82167 102067 808733 Sponsored ➡️ The 3 Big Stories Investors Need to Know This company is buying TWO TONNES of gold a week [find out why] (Golden Portfolio) High-tech security at Mar-a-Lago hints at something bigger. 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